Matthew Holmes is a Postdoctoral Fellow in Environmental History at the University of Stavanger and is currently a visiting researcher at the University of Maastricht. He is the author of The Graft Hybrid: Challenging Twentieth-Century Genetics (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2024) and numerous articles on biotechnology, animal history, and colonial environmental history. He is currently working on the interaction of birds and technology in the nineteenth-century United States and its consequences for perceptions of "natural" hierarchies and animal minds.